Académico Luis Pillajo

jueves, 19 de junio de 2014

EDUCACION FISICA

El término que vamos a analizar está compuesto por dos partes claramente diferenciadas. Así, en primer lugar está conformado por la palabra educación cuyo origen etimológico se encuentra en el latín educatio que, a su vez, es fruto de la suma del prefijo ex que significa “hacia afuera”, el verbo ducere que equivale a “guiar” y el sufijo –cion que es sinónimo de “acción”.
En segundo lugar, está la palabra física que emana del griego y más concretamente de la unión de dos partes perfectamente delimitadas: el término physis que puede traducirse como “naturaleza” y el sufijo –ica que es igual a “ciencia”.
Realizar una definición precisa de la educación física es una tarea ardua. Es que, en el ámbito académico, existen distintas concepciones y enfoques referidos al término. La educación física puede ser una actividad educativa, recreativa, social, competitiva o terapéutica, por ejemplo.

En lo que hace referencia a su sentido educativo o formativo, la educación física es una disciplina científico-pedagógica, que se centra en el movimiento corporal para alcanzar un desarrollo integral de las capacidades físicas, afectivas y cognoscitivas del sujeto.

Decíamos que la educación física es una disciplina y no una ciencia, ya que no se ocupa del estudio específico de un cierto objeto, sino que toma elementos de diversas ciencias hasta conformar su marco de aplicación.
En cuanto al desarrollo integral del individuo, la educación física trasciende la antigua idea del ser humano como una suma de cuerpo, mente y alma; por el contrario, trabaja sobre todos los aspectos de la persona como una unidad.
Además de todo lo expuesto hay que subrayar que dentro del ámbito de la docencia existe la asignatura de Educación Física. Así, por ejemplo, en España dicha materia se imparte tanto en lo que es Primaria como en Secundaria. En el primer caso aquella se centra en el desarrollo de juegos perceptivos, de juegos cooperativos, de iniciación a las distintas disciplinas deportivas o de expresión corporal.
En Secundaria, sin embargo, esta mencionada asignatura lo que persigue fundamentalmente es que los alumnos adquieran unos hábitos de vida saludables, aprendan a superar sus dificultades, acepten su propio cuerpo y mejoren sus cualidades físicas. De ahí que, entre otras actividades, se apueste por desarrollar distintas deportes como el baloncesto, el fútbol o el tenis con los que los jóvenes aprenderán a esforzarse, a trabajar en equipo, a competir y también a aceptar los propios errores.
Las distintas corrientes de la educación física pueden definirse de acuerdo a la forma en que se focaliza la disciplina. Existen corrientes que se centran en la educación (su campo de acción es la escuela y el sistema educativo en general), en la salud (se considera a la educación física como un agente promotor de la salud, con la intención de prevenir enfermedades), en la competencia (la disciplina como entrenamiento deportivo para el desarrollo de alto rendimiento), en la recreación (actividades lúdicas para vincular al sujeto con el medio) y en la expresión corporal (a partir de la influencia que recibe de la danza, el yoga y la música).

INFORMATICA

La informática se define como la ciencia que estudia el tratamiento de la información mediante medios automáticos, es decir la ciencia de la información automática. Fue en el año 1957 cuando Karl Steinbuch citó por primera vez la palabra informática bajo el concepto anteriormente descrito.

Desde los primeros tiempos, el ser humano ha inventado y desarrollado medios necesarios para transmitir información, medios como el lenguaje, la escritura, las señales acústicas o luminosas como silbatos, tambores, humo, el teléfono, la televisión… pudiendo trasladar de generación en generación todo el pensamiento y conocimiento adquirido a lo largo de la historia, gracias a esta transmisión y tratamiento de la información el ser humano ha evolucionado hacia la tecnología que actualmente disponemos.

El objetivo principal de la informática consiste en automatizar mediante equipos generalmente electrónicos todo tipo de información, de tal forma que evite la repetición de tareas arduas las cuales pueden inducir al error reduciendo a su vez el tiempo de ejecución de las mismas, ¿te imaginas contabilizar manualmente sin ayuda de ningún tipo de calculadora o programa informático todas las transacciones económicas de un gran centro comercial?.

Para poder automatizar la información la informática se basa en la realización de 3 tareas básicas:

La entrada de la información
El tratamiento de la información
Salida de la información

El sistema informático ha de estar dotado de algún medio por el cual aportemos la información, a su vez el sistema informático ha de ser capaz de interpretar y guardar dicha información, para que una vez que la solicitemos se nos muestre mediante algún medio de salida.

Cuando introducimos una canción en nuestro ordenador mediante una memoria externa el puerto USB de nuestro ordenador sería el medio de entrada, posteriormente el ordenador guarda la canción en el disco duro y un software específico (reproductor de música) lo trata de tal forma que transforma los bits guardados en música retransmitida por los altavoces (medio de salida) de nuestro ordenador.

La ciencia de la informática de desglosa en diversas ramas de la ciencia como la programación, la arquitectura de redes y computadores, electricidad y electrónica, la inteligencia artificial, etc.. ramas de la ciencia que nos permite desarrollar el hardware y el software necesario y fundamental en la informática.

El área de aplicación de la informática es inmensa, desde la gestión de empresas mediante hojas de cálculo, sistemas de gestión de stocks, crm, erp, etc… hasta la aplicación para la monitorización y manipulación de satélites ubicados en nuestra galaxia, pasando por aplicaciones para la medicina, diseño de estructuras, análisis matemáticos, físicos y químicos, etc…

DIBUJO TECNICO

El dibujo técnico es el lenguaje gráfico que se utiliza para comunicar, en el marco de actividades industriales y de diseño, desde las ideas más globales hasta los detalles vinculados con un contenido tecnológico. También se ha definido al concepto de dibujo técnico como el sistema de representación gráfica de objetos ya existentes o bien de prototipos, atendiendo a normas y convenciones preestablecidas por instituciones reguladoras. Eso permite describir de forma precisa y con claridad las dimensiones, formas y características de esos objetos materiales.
Cabe señalar que la idea de dibujo técnico va a menudo en oposición a la de dibujo artístico. Mientras el primero tiene por finalidad manifestar impresiones o sensaciones personales, influenciadas por la imaginación y las vivencias individuales, por lo que resulta eminentemente subjetivo, el dibujo técnico pretende ser objetivo y representar los objetos lo mejor posible tal cual son, de forma totalmente objetiva, a fin de proporcionar a cualquier observador la información técnica necesaria para su análisis técnico, ayudando eventualmente a su diseño, construcción y/o mantenimiento.
Respecto de la historia del dibujo técnico, no se puede dejar de mencionar a los primeros matemáticos griegos como Tales, Pitágoras y Euclides, quienes sentaron las bases de la denominada geometría del espacio, fundamental en esta disciplina. Durante el Renacimiento sobresalen los aportes de Brunelleschi y del célebre y polifacético Leonardo da Vinci.
Los esquemas, los croquis, los diagramas y los planos son modalidades de dibujo técnico que contienen especificaciones correspondientes a medidas de longitud, de altura, de ángulos, de superficie, etc. Las vistas básicas en el dibujo técnico son la de planta (vista desde arriba), la de alzada, que puede ser la frontal o lateral; y la de secciones o cortes en dos proyecciones. La definición de escalas ayuda a la interpretación de estas representaciones.
Dentro del dibujo técnico se engloban algunos tipos puntuales, como el dibujo mecánico, en el que se representan las diferentes partes de máquinas o dispositivos; el dibujo electrónico, que típicamente describe circuitos, y el dibujo eléctrico, que sirve para representar instalaciones eléctricas simples, como las de una vivienda, o más bien complejas, como las de una industria. Estos últimos suelen representar claramente la ubicación del tablero principal, de los interruptores y toma corrientes, entre otros. También es muy reconocido el dibujo urbanístico, que se emplea para representar de manera funcional el desarrollo y la infraestructura de ciudades y demás centros urbanos, tanto de aquellos ya existentes o los que están en etapa de proyecto. El dibujo topográfico se dedica a plasmar en un plano las principales características de un terreno, como la altura, la pendiente, la presencia de accidentes naturales o artificiales, las cotas, las curvas de nivel.
El dibujo técnico se puede plasmar en diferentes soportes (papel, acetato, passe-partout), y se lleva a cabo generalmente sobre un tablero, con la ayuda de elementos como regla T, escuadra, cartabón, tiralíneas, compás, rotulador. Mediante el desarrollo de programas como el AutoCAD, por ejemplo, la informática ha contribuido en gran medida al desarrollo del dibujo técnico.

Desarrollo del pensamiento

DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO

El pensamiento filosófico, es un pensamiento crítico, activo, inquieto, inconformista, libre, racional, no empírico, y especialmente especulativo (poco práctico) que indaga buscando respuestas sobre aquellos hechos esenciales que la ciencia aún no ha podido responder, y que eleva al hombre como ser racional en su plenitud. No se apoya en supuestos para sustentar sus afirmaciones, sino en verdades comprobadas, para buscar los principios y las causas., basándose en la confianza puesta en la capacidad de la razón para encontrarlos.

En sus comienzos, con Pitágoras, en la Antigua Grecia, la reflexión filosófica abarcaba todos los campos del saber humano: (Matemática, Astronomía, Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Sociales). Actualmente del tronco común de la Filosofía se han desprendido distintas ramas, para el pensamiento particular de cada tema, como la Metafísica, la Gnoseología, la Axiología o la Teodicea.
En Grecia floreció el pensamiento filosófico pues había una categoría de ciudadanos que disponía de tiempo libre para dedicarse a lo que llamaban ocio creador, que les servía para la búsqueda de esas respuestas a través de su intelecto. El actual mundo agitado que nos toca vivir, con poco tiempo libre para la meditación, y de alto contenido utilitario y materialista, no es propicio para el desarrollo de este pensamiento, tan necesario para que el hombre se contacte con los aspectos esenciales de su existencia.
El pensamiento filosófico se basa en intentar responder a dos preguntas básicas, de dónde venimos, y hacia donde vamos, siendo las primeras preguntas que se formuló el hombre sobre la materia primera para luego extenderse a todo tipo de cuestiones, transformándose en un pensamiento universal que abarca todos los aspectos de la realidad, susceptibles de cuestionamiento.

TEATRO

El término teatro procede del griego theatrón, que puede traducirse como el espacio o el sitio para la contemplación.

El teatro forma parte del grupo de las artes escénicas. Su desarrollo está vinculado con actores que representan una historia ante una audiencia. Este arte, por lo tanto, combina diversos elementos, como la gestualidad, el discurso, la música, los sonidos y la escenografía.

Por otra parte, el concepto de teatro se utiliza para nombrar al género de la literatura que abarca aquellos textos pensados para su representación en escena, y también al edificio donde se representan las piezas teatrales.
Por ejemplo: “Un autor argentino recibió un importante premio por una obra teatral en Eslovenia”, “Te propongo que mañana vayamos al teatro”, “Mi sueño es ser actor de teatro y vivir de mi arte”.

La práctica teatral está formada por un todo que no puede dividirse. Es posible, sin embargo, distinguir tres elementos básicos, como el texto (aquello que dicen los actores), la dirección (las órdenes que dicta el responsable de la puesta en escena) y la actuación (el proceso que lleva a un actor a asumir la representación de un personaje). A estos componentes se pueden sumar otros elementos muy importantes, como el vestuario, el decorado o el maquillaje.

Cabe destacar que quienes escriben obras de teatro son conocidos como dramaturgos, aunque la definición específica del término hace referencia al escritor de dramas o de teatro dramático.
Breve historia del teatro
Los orígenes históricos del teatro están asociados a la evolución de los rituales relacionados con la caza y con la recolección de frutos y alimentos propios de la agricultura, que desembocaron en ceremonias dramáticas a través de las cuales se rendía culto a las divinidades. Estos rituales también sentaban y reflejaban los preceptos espirituales del grupo social.
De todas formas, fue recién en la Grecia Clásica, cuando esta idea religiosa fue llevada a la perfección. Se crearon entonces las representaciones teatrales, donde la coreografía, la música, la recitación y el texto formaban un equilibrio inigualable. Entre los fundadores del teatro tal cual hoy lo concebimos se encontraron los creadores de las tragedias, tales como Esquilo, Sófocles y Eurípides, y de la comedia, género del que siempre ha resaltado Aristófanes. En dicha época tanto comedia como tragedia permitía expresar ideas políticas, sociales y religiosas, necesarias para entender el tiempo en el que se vivía.
En el Antiguo Egipto (a mediados del segundo milenio antes de Cristo), por ejemplo, solían representarse dramas con la muerte y la resurrección en Osiris. Ya por entonces se utilizaban disfraces y máscaras en las dramatizaciones.
A partir del Siglo XVI el teatro comenzó a alcanzar una gran popularidad en todo el mundo, surgiendo carros ambulantes que ofrecían espectáculos teatrales y anfiteatros creados con el mismo fin. En este período surgió el teatro nacional, que intentaba mostrar valores y elementos populares realzando la importancia de lo relativo a la patria. El español ocupa un lugar importante en este tipo de teatro y en él destacan las figuras de Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina y Calderón de la Barca. También en Inglaterra y Francia el teatro popular cobra gran importancia donde destacaron las obras de Shakespeare y de Corneille, Racine y Molière, respectivamente.
De este modo, el teatro es una de las disciplinas artísticas que puede identificarse con el tiempo en el que vive. Las obras teatrales responden al período en el que fueron creadas y permiten conocer a fondo los aspectos sociales, culturales y políticos que rodeaban la vida de su autor.

Entre los autores que más han aportado al teatro se encuentra William Shakespeare. Nació el 25 de abril de 1564 en el Reino Unido y se dedicó a escribir obras de teatro y poesía, además era actor. Su vida ha sido puesta en entredicho en más de una ocasión, sobre todo su sexualidad, sus ideas religiosas e incluso la autoría de sus obras. De todas formas, no existen pruebas que permitan saber si dicho rumor es verdadero, así que de momento es Shakespeare uno de los autores teatrales de mayor prestigio. Entre sus obras destacan “Hamlet”, “Romeo y Julieta” y “Otelo”. Lope de Vega es conocido como uno de los autores de teatro español más importantes de la península. Se cree que compuso más de 1.400 comedias y unas tantas tragedias. Sus obras se caracterizan por una originalidad poco común en su tiempo (rechazó el modelo clásico impuesto por los griegos), ofreciendo un teatro con carácter puramente nacional.
Además rompió con los esquemas aristotélicos que dividían al teatro en comedia y tragedia y en sus obras fusionó ambos estilos consiguiendo un estilo absolutamente nuevo y único. En sus obras se resalta el honor del pueblo, de los viejos y los campesinos, por mencionar algunas: “El mejor alcalde”, “Fuenteovejuna”, “El villano en su rincón”, “La estrella de Sevilla” y “El Caballero de Olmedo”.
Entre los autores teatrales franceses destacan Jean Racine y Molière.
Jean Racine nació en 1639 y se hizo famoso rápidamente con su tragedia “Andrómaca”. Posteriormente escribió “Británico”,”Mitrídates” y “Fedra”, entre otras. Se dice que con Racine la tragedia con un estilo clásico alcanzó su mayor esplendor, muchos críticos lo mencionan como el autor teatral por excelencia. Sus obras se caracterizan por presentar una acción clara y sencilla donde los acontecimientos son consecuencia inevitable de las pasiones de los personajes.
Molière, por su parte, nació en 1622 en Francia y fue un hombre entregado al teatro con toda el alma. Recorrió el país junto a una compañía teatral realizando labores de autor, actor y director durante más de 15 años. Se caracterizó por ser un hombre con capacidades innatas para el teatro, con una imaginación y una fuente inagotable de ocurrencias, que le permitieron gozar de gran popularidad, manteniendo a su público siempre alerta, pendiente de nuevas buenas representaciones teatrales, donde se les aseguraba la risa y el goce detrás de personajes irónicos pero sin escaparse del todo del realismo. Entre sus obras más famosas se encuentran “El misántropo”,”Don Juan” y “El enfermo imaginario”. Cuando se lo nombra, se habla del universo de Molière, sumamente rico y realista, mejor que el que cualquier autor haya podido crear jamás.

ELECTRICIDAD Y ELECTROTECNIA
ELECTRICIDAD

La palabra electricidad podemos dejar patente que tiene su origen etimológico en el término griego elektron que puede traducirse como “ámbar”. Partiendo del mismo se establece que la persona que acuñó este término fue más concretamente el científico inglés William Gilbert quien en el siglo XVI habló de “eléctrico” para mencionar los fenómenos de cargas de atracción que descubrieron ya los griegos.

La electricidad es una propiedad física manifestada a través de la atracción o del rechazo que ejercen entre sí las distintas partes de la materia. El origen de esta propiedad se encuentra en la presencia de componentes con carga negativa (denominados protones) y otros con carga positiva (los electrones).

La electricidad, por otra parte, es el nombre que recibe una clase de energía que se basa en dicha propiedad física y que se manifiesta tanto en movimiento (la corriente) como en estado de reposo (la estática). Como fuente energética, la electricidad puede usarse para la iluminación o para producir calor, por ejemplo.

No sólo el hombre genera electricidad manipulando distintos factores: la naturaleza produce esta energía en las tormentas, cuando la transferencia energética que se produce entre una parte de la atmósfera y la superficie del planeta provoca una descarga de electricidad en forma de rayo. La electricidad natural también se halla en el funcionamiento biológico y permite el desarrollo y la actividad del sistema nervioso.

Más allá de estos fenómenos naturales, el ser humano se ha dedicado a generar electricidad para poner en marcha todo tipo de máquinas, artefactos y sistemas de transporte.

Como decimos, hoy la electricidad es fundamental pues gracias a la misma llevamos a cabo un sinfín de tareas y tenemos posibilidad de disfrutar de aplicaciones que nos facilitan y hacen mejor nuestra calidad de vida. Así, gracias a aquella tenemos iluminación y podemos hacer uso de una serie de dispositivos tales como lavadoras, frigoríficos, televisores, ordenadores o sistemas de aire acondicionado.

Está claro, por tanto, que la electricidad se ha convertido en un elemento indispensable en este sentido y ello ha traído consigo graves consecuencias. En concreto, nos referimos al hecho de que la necesidad que tenemos de la misma para desarrollar nuestro día a día ha supuesto que la misma se tenga que producir masivamente para satisfacer la demanda que existe en todo el mundo. Un hecho que perjudica notablemente el medio ambiente.

Por ello, en la actualidad se está desarrollando una serie de proyectos e iniciativas de diversa índole con el claro objetivo de utilizar los recursos naturales existentes para generar dicha electricidad sin necesidad de dañar nuestro entorno. Así, por ejemplo, existen paneles que captan la energía del sol para poder poner en funcionamiento desde la luz de un hogar hasta un sistema de climatización.

Se conoce como conductividad eléctrica, por otra parte, a la capacidad que tiene un material para posibilitar que la corriente de electricidad pase a través de su superficie. La facultad contraria, que aparece cuando los electrones son resistentes al movimiento de la corriente, se conoce como resistividad.

Los conductores eléctricos, por lo tanto, son aquellos materiales que, cuando están en contacto con un cuerpo cargado de electricidad, transmiten dicha energía hacia la totalidad de su superficie.

ELECTROTECNIA

La electrotecnia es la ciencia encargada de estudiar la aplicación técnica de la electricidad así como del magnetismo.

El origen del término electrotecnia viene deelectro y techne, es decir, la tecnología en la electricidad. El concepto pues abarca un amplio abanico de campos, entre los que se incluyen los sistemas de iluminación, motores eléctricos, robótica y contactos.

En las páginas de electrotecnia.com, a parte de estos aspectos citados, nos centraremos también en las fuentes de energía, poniendo una especial atención en las renovables.

La Real Academia Española de la Lengua define el concepto de electrotecnia como el "[I]estudio de las aplicaciones técnicas de la electricidad[/I]".

La enciclopedia libre "Wikipedia" relaciona el término con el de ingeniería eléctrica, del que dice que: "[I]es el campo de la ingeniería que se ocupa del estudio y la aplicación de la electricidad, la electrónica y el electromagnetismo. Aplica conocimientos de ciencias como la física y las matemáticas para generar, transportar, distribuir y utilizar la energía eléctrica."[/I]

"[I]Dependiendo del lugar y del contexto en que se use, el término ingeniería eléctrica puede o no incluir a la ingeniería electrónica. Cuando se hace una distinción, generalmente se considera la ingeniería eléctrica para hacer frente a los problemas asociados sistemas eléctricos de gran escala, como los sistemas eléctricos de transmisión de energía y de control de motores, mientras que la ingeniería electrónica trata del estudio de sistemas eléctricos a pequeña escala, incluidos los sistemas electrónicos con semiconductores y circuitos integrados.[/I]"

En este apartado encontraréis, por tanto, todo lo relacionado con dicha materia de 2º de bachillerato, en la que se estudian las aplicaciones de la electricidad y los fenómenos eléctricos y electromagnéticos desde el punto de vista de la utilidad práctica de la electricidad.

jueves, 8 de mayo de 2014

Ingles.

INGLES

1. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Book A-PDF Watermark DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native English speakers or beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement or intervention. • Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar • Nearly 70 practice exercises are included for ready reinforcement • A wealth of examples are provided on every topic • Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar tips and useful language notes BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1

2. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Book 1 Anne Seaton • Y. H. Mew

3. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore Copyright ©2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

4. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections—as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK’S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas. We wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency.

5. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 1 What is Grammar? 5 2 The Capital Letter 6 3 Nouns 8 Common Nouns Proper Nouns Singular Nouns Plural Nouns Collective Nouns Masculine and Feminine Nouns 4 Pronouns Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns 5 Adjectives Adjective Endings Kinds of Adjectives Comparison of Adjectives 6 8 13 21 23 34 37 44 47 48 49 52 54 58 65 71 The Articles Demonstrative Determiners Interrogative Determiners Possessive Determiners 71 73 74 75 The Simple Present Tense Am, Is and Are The Present Progressive Tense Have and Has The Present Perfect Tense 98 99 104 106 108 112 113 115 120 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 123 9 Adverbs 127 44 Determiners 7 Verbs and Tenses The Simple Past Tense Regular and Irregular Verbs Was and Were The Past Progressive Tense The Future Tense Can and Could May and Might Do, Does and Did Would and Should 79 80 83 89 93 96 10 Prepositions 132 11 Conjunctions 135 12 Interjections 138 13 Sentences 139 What is a Sentence? 139 Kinds of Sentences 140 The Imperative 141 The Subject and the Object 143 Direct and Indirect Objects 144 Positive and Negative Sentences 146 Questions 147 14 Punctuation Period Comma Exclamation Point Question Mark Apostrophe 150 150 151 152 152 153

6. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 1 What is Grammar? Here’s an old children’s rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Noun As field and fountain, street and town. Pronoun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Adjective Most verbs mean action, something done, Verb To read and write, to jump and run. How things are done the adverbs tell, ition Prepos As quickly, slowly, badly, well. Adverb The preposition shows relation, As in the street or at the station. Conjunctions join, in many ways, Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase. The interjection cries out, “Heed! Conjunction An exclamation point must follow me!” Interjection

7. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 2 The Capital Letter The capital letter is also called a big letter or upper- case letter, or sometimes just a capital. A B C N O P D E F G H I J K Q R S T U V W X L M Y Z When do you use a capital letter? 4 Use a capital letter for the first letter in a sentence: The dog is barking. Come here! 4 Always use a capital letter for the word I : I am eight years old. Tom and I are good friends. 4 Use a capital letter for the names of people: Alice, Tom, James, Kim, Snow White 4 Use a capital letter for the names of places: National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, Sacramento 4 Use a capital letter for festivals, holidays, days of the week, months of the year: New Year’s Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day, Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October

8. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Circle the letters that should be CAPITALS. Then write the correct letter in the space above them. 1 peter and i are good friends. 2 we are going to chicago during our summer vacation. 3 there is an interesting football game on sunday. 4 jason lives on thomson avenue. 5 january is the first month of the year. Exercise 2 Look at the signs on the left. Can you find the mistakes? Write the names correctly. hopkins hotel lincoln school orchard street newton road botanic gardens national library shea stadium

9. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 3 Nouns Common Nouns Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, or things. These are words for people. They are common nouns. artist Word File Here are more words for people: actor aunt baby baker cook dentist doctor giant you kn o w D id lawyer judge man nurse police officer singer soldier teacher acrobat clown astronaut ? Another word for astronaut is spaceman or spacewoman.

10. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com These are words for animals. They are common nouns. eagle zebra deer crocodile bird bear Word File Here are more words for animals: cat cow dog dolphin duck fish goat goose hen horse mouse parrot shark whale

11. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com These are words for places. They are common nouns. beach park Word File Here are more words for places: library shop Everfresh Co. 10 airport market cave mountain church playground farm restaurant hill school hospital seashore hotel stadium house supermarket island temple mall zoo

12. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com These are words for things. They are common nouns. basket bed drum cake blanket Word File Here are more words for things: bag box bread can chair cot cup desk door egg gate 11 kite ladder lamp picture radio television train truck watch window

13. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Underline the common nouns in these sentences. 1 There’s a little bird in the garden. 2 Who is your teacher? 3 Don’t eat that rotten apple. 4 Kate has a lovely doll. 5 I like reading stories. 6 My father is a doctor. 7 Every child has a dictionary. 8 Rudy hates bananas. 9 The phone is ringing. 10 Here’s a book for you. Exercise 2 Here’s a mixed bag of words. Put each word under its correct heading. swimmer letters mountain granny People snail flag fox taxi fire engine river hotel gardener Animals clown barber parrot camel Places Things 12

14. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Proper Nouns Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or things. They always begin with a capital letter. Omar Beethoven Santa Claus Word File Here are some more names of people: Ali Baba Florence Nightingale Derek Jeter Pauline Johnny Depp Patrick Harry Potter Pinocchio Robin Hood you kn o w D id Lisa ? Your own name and the names of your friends are proper nouns too. 13 Kim Lee

15. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of countries and their people are also proper nouns. American Egyptian Japanese Korean Indian Malay Italian Filipino Thai Pakistani Country People Country People America Egypt India Italy Japan Americans Egyptians Indians Italians the Japanese Korea Malaysia Pakistan France Thailand Koreans Malaysians Pakistanis the French Thais 14

16. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks are proper nouns. Egypt Hong Kong the Great Wall of China the Statue of Liberty Tokyo Bangkok London New York Paris Beijing Sydney New Delhi Denver the Grand Canyon Central Park the Leaning Tower of Pisa the Eiffel Tower Brooklyn Bridge Big Ben Pike’s Peak 15

17. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The days of the week and months of the year are proper nouns. Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday March Sunday February June r October Mar ch 6 March July 7 Satu rda y April August November December Months January February March April May June July August September October November December o w D Friday day es Wedn March 5 e Septemb 4 3 Tuesda y Thursday May you kn 2 March January id Monday 1 March March March ? January is the first month of the year. Sunday is the first day of the week. A table that shows the months, weeks and days 16

18. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are proper nouns. Mount Everest the Thames Lake Michigan the Alps the Dead Sea Mount Fuji Niagara Falls you kn o w D id the Himalayas the Pacific Ocean the Yellow River ? You often use the before names of oceans, rivers, seas and ranges of mountains. Mount means mountain. It is often used in the names of mountains. For example: Mount Everest Mount St. Helens The written short form for Mount is Mt. For example: Mt. Everest, Mt. Fuji 17

19. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of festivals, some special events and holidays are proper nouns, too. Valentine’s Day Father’s Day Halloween Word File Here are more names of festivals and holidays: Christmas Memorial Day Labor Day Independence Day Mother’s Day April Fool’s Day Thanksgiving Day St. Patrick’s Day 18 New Year’s Day

20. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Underline the proper nouns in the following sentences. 1 July is often the hottest month in summer. 2 One day Ali Baba saw the forty thieves hiding in a cave. 3 Shawn and Ashley are going to the beach for a swim. 4 Mr. Lee is reading a book. 5 “I am your fairy godmother,” said the old woman to Cinderella. 6 Uncle Mike is a lawyer. 7 Next Tuesday is a public holiday. 8 Many children enjoyed the movie Lion King. Exercise 2 Look at the words in the box. Which ones are common nouns and which ones are proper nouns? Put each word under its correct heading. Lisa January doctor bank beach month President Hotel White Sand Beach Dr. Wang Common Nouns United Bank hotel girl Proper Nouns 19

21. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Write C for common or P for proper on the blank before each noun. 1 _______ the White House 2 _______ the green dress 3 _______ the tall building 4 _______ the Empire State Building 5 _______ the Yellow River 6 _______ the muddy river 7 _______ the governor 8 _______ Governor Parker 9 _______ the Oregon Trail 1 0 _______ the winding trail Exercise 4 Underline the nouns that should be capitalized. Circle the nouns that should not be capitalized. 1 Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island. 2 The Capital of illinois is Springfield. 3 My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste. 4 Their Family visited Yellowstone national Park. 5 Juan and maria attend kennedy Middle school. 6 We had a Surprise Party for aunt Helen. 7 Spring and Fall are my favorite Seasons. 8 The Manager scolded his lazy Employees. 20

22. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Singular Nouns Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular noun. an owl a ship a train a woman Word File These are also singular nouns: an airplane a bicycle a boy a bus a comb a girl a key a flower 21 a letter a map a photograph a refrigerator a slide a swing a van

23. am m ar H elp Gr More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 4 Use a or an before singular nouns. Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o, u). For example, say: an axe an egg an envelope an ice cream an igloo an orange an umbrella an uncle 4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use a (not an) before these words that begin with u: a uniform a university 4 Use a before words beginning with the other letters of the alphabet, called consonants. For example, say: a basket a bowl a car a hill a house a rainbow a monster a pillow a watch a zoo 4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use an (not a) before these words that begin with h: an heir an honor an hour 22

24. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Plural Nouns When you are talking about two or more people, animals, places, or things, use plural nouns. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end. star bats bat stars mug Word File Singular bird broom camel desk doll egg flower fork game lamb nest pen photo shirt spoon Plural birds brooms camels desks dolls eggs flowers forks games lambs nests pens photos shirts spoons fan mugs cap fans caps 23

25. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns end in -es. glass brush bus glasses brushes buses Word File watch watches foxes am m ar H elp Gr fox Singular beach branch box bush church dish dress sandwich witch Plural beaches branches boxes bushes churches dishes dresses sandwiches witches ch When the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, you usually add -es to form the plural. 24 sh s ss x + es

26. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns end in -ies. butterflies canaries canary butterfly Word File am Plural babies cherries diaries dictionaries fairies families flies ladies libraries puppies stories strawberries lilies lily candies candy m ar H elp Gr Singular baby cherry diary dictionary fairy family fly lady library puppy story strawberry + i Nouns like these are made plural by changing y to i, and adding -es. 25 y es

27. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com What if there is a vowel before the y? In that case, add -s to form the plural. s y key turkey keys turkeys tray Word File Singular chimney cowboy day donkey jersey kidney monkey toy trolley valley trays 26 Plural chimneys cowboys days donkeys jerseys kidneys monkeys toys trolleys valleys

28. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es. calf elf half leaf am Singular loaf shelf thief wolf Plural loaves shelves thieves wolves v es m ar H elp Gr Plural calves elves halves leaves f Often nouns that end in -f, just need -s to form the plural. f Singular s Singular Plural Singular Plural chef chefs handkerchief handkerchiefs chief chiefs roof roofs cliff cliffs sheriff sheriffs For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled in two different ways. Singular Plural dwarf dwarfs or dwarves hoof hoofs or hooves scarf scarfs or scarves s f ves With some words that end in -fe, you change f to v, and add -s. you kn o w D id Singular knife life wife Plural knives lives wives f v e ? But you only add -s to giraffe to form the plural. 27 s

29. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com If a noun ends in -o, you just add -s to form the plural. a rhino rhinos Word File a kangaroo kangaroos Singular a hippo a video a zoo Plural hippos videos zoos But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form the plural. Word File m m ar H a elp Gr a flamingo flamingoes Singular a tomato a potato a hero Plural tomatoes potatoes heroes With some nouns that end in -o, you can add either -s or -es to form the plural. Singular a mango a mosquito a zero a buffalo Plural mangoes mosquitoes zeroes buffaloes 28 Plural mangos mosquitos zeros buffalos

30. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in -s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form. mouse mice goose geese Word File Singular child man ox tooth woman you kn o w D id Plural children men oxen teeth women foot ? The plural of the mouse that you use with your computer is either mice or mouses. 29 feet

31. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun. sheep sheep reindeer reindeer fish Word File Singular Plural bison bison deer deer fish you kn o w D id ? You can use fishes as the plural of fish when you are talking about different kinds of fish: all the fishes of the Pacific Ocean. 30

32. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some nouns are always plural. binoculars goggles Word File pants pajamas shorts trousers sandals pliers jeans you kn o w D id scissors sneakers slippers stockings ? Another word for spectacles is glasses. am m ar H elp Gr spectacles You can make these plural nouns singular by using a pair of: a pair of binoculars a pair of spectacles a pair of goggles a pair of jeans a pair of shorts a pair of pliers a pair of shoes 31

33. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Look at the words below. Do you know which ones are singular and which are plural ? Put a checkmark (✓) in the correct box. Singular Plural word pencils books fan hat children kites people crab foxes Exercise 2 Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make them plural? Write your answers on the lines. Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 desk 6 basket ___________ 2 class 7 peach ___________ 3 comb 8 belt ___________ 4 mug 9 taxi ___________ 5 bus ___________ 32 10 box

34. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Do you change -y to -ies, or just add -s to make these singular nouns plural? Write your anwers. Singular Plural Singular 1 key 6 toy 2 city 7 baby 3 butterfly 8 party 4 monkey 9 chimney 5 fly Plural 10 lady Exercise 4 All these singular nouns end with -o. Add either -s or -es as you write the plurals on the line. Singular Plural Singular 1 video 6 radio 2 piano 7 hippo 3 mango 8 zoo 4 kangaroo 9 zero 5 rhino 10 photo 33 Plural

35. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Collective Nouns Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are nouns for groups of people. a family a crew an orchestra Word File Here are some more groups of people: am a gang a group a team m ar H elp Gr an audience a band a choir a class Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or plural verb. For example: My family was happy to see me. or My family were happy to see me. But the following collective nouns always take a plural verb: cattle people the police 34

36. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups of people, animals or things. a brood of chickens a band of musicians a school of fish Word File Here are some more collective nouns: a bunch of keys a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards a fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese a gang of robbers a herd of cattle a litter of cubs a pod of whales a pack of wolves a pride of lions a set of stamps a swarm of bees a troupe of actors a team of players a flight of steps 35

37. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise Farmer John had several different kinds of animals on his farm. Write the correct collective noun for each group of his animals. Farmer John had: a of geese a of sheep a of cattle a of horses One day a of coyotes tried to attack his animals. Farmer John yelled and waved a pitchfork to frighten them away. 36

38. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Masculine and Feminine Nouns Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals. Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and female animals. rooster bridegroom bride hen lion lioness Word File king Masculine boy man prince steward waiter queen 37 Feminine girl woman princess stewardess waitress

39. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Here are some more masculine and feminine nouns for people. Masculine actor brother emperor father gentleman grandfather grandson headmaster man master nephew prince son steward uncle wizard you kn o w D id Feminine actress sister empress mother lady grandmother granddaughter headmistress woman mistress niece princess daughter stewardess aunt witch ? Masculine nouns belong to the masculine gender. Feminine nouns belong to the feminine gender. 38

40. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Here are some masculine and feminine nouns for male and female animals. Animal Female chicken cattle deer donkey duck fox goose horse lion sheep tiger rooster bull buck jack drake fox gander stallion lion ram tiger hen cow doe jenny duck vixen goose mare lioness ewe tigress you kn o id w D Male ? Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong to the feminine gender. For example: actress stewardess lioness tigress princess waitress 39

41. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Many nouns are used for both males and females. dancers doctors scientists Word File Nouns like these are used for both males and females: accountants artists designers engineers lawyers am m ar H elp Gr hairdressers parents managers pupils singers teachers We call these nouns common-gender nouns. 40

42. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Words for things that are neither male nor female are called neuter nouns. leaves bench fire mirror waterfall Word File Here are some neuter nouns: ball building broom cake computer card floor 41 forest gymnasium playground rock sky socks wind

43. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct masculine or feminine nouns. Masculine Feminine 1 master 2 uncle 3 niece 4 lioness empress 9 mother 10 madam 5 tiger 6 7 husband 8 son Exercise 2 Fill in each blank with a suitable masculine or feminine noun. 1 The host and the ____________ welcomed their guests. 2 The steward and the ____________ look after the passengers on the plane. 3 My uncle and ________ lived in Nebraska. 4 The king and the _________ had two children, a boy and a ________. The prince was eight and the _____________ was five. 5 Ladies and ______________ , welcome to our party this evening. 42

44. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Look at the words in the box. Write each word under its correct heading. children boy mother lamp ram Masculine sun son queen doctor rooster witch father file dancer elf Feminine king girl teacher wizard fish Common Gender Neuter 43

45. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 4 Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns. Personal Pronouns The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence. My name is David. I am the youngest in the family. This is my father. He is a teacher. This is my mother. She is a lawyer. I have a brother and two sisters. They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny. I have a dog. It is called Lucky. Lucky, you are a good dog. Good morning, children! You may sit down now. am m ar H elp Gr My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment. The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that does the action shown by the verb. 44

46. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence. I am standing on my head. Look at me. My mother is kind. Everybody likes her. Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed! Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you! Lucky and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching us. You must not play with the knife. Give it to me. Pick up your toys and put them away. am Tom likes riding my bicycle. I sometimes lend it to him. m ar H elp Gr Baby birds cannot fly. Mother bird has to feed them. The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives the action shown by the verb. 45

47. am m ar H elp Gr More free books @ www.BingEbook.com There are three groups of pronouns: first person, second person and third person. The person speaking is called the first person. The first-person pronouns are I or me (in the singular) and we or us (in the plural). The person spoken to is called the second person. The second-person pronoun is you (in both singular and plural). The person (or animal, or thing) spoken about is called the third person. The third-person pronouns are he or him, she or her, and it (in the singular), and they or them (in the plural). The word I is always spelled with a capital letter. The pronoun he is used for men and boys, she for women and girls, and it for things and animals. Here is a table to help you. Subject Object First person singular Second person singular Third person singular I you he she it me you him her it First person plural Second person plural Third person plural we you they us you them 46

48. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Reflexive Pronouns The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called reflexive pronouns. They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb. I made this cake myself. Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself. Michael is looking at himself in the mirror. Susan has hurt herself. Our cat washes itself after each meal. We organized the party all by ourselves. Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat. am m ar H elp Gr Baby birds are too young to look after themselves. Here is a table to remind you about reflexive pronouns. First person Second person Third person Singular Plural (I,me) myself (you) yourself (he, him) himself (she, her) herself (it) itself (we,us) ourselves (you) yourselves (they, them) themselves (they, them) themselves (they, them) themselves 47

49. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Interrogative Pronouns The words who, whom, whose, what and which are called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are used to ask questions. Whom Who Who is he talking to? Who are those people? Whom are you playing with? Whom is he talking to? Which Whose Which of these bags is yours? Which do you prefer? Whose is this umbrella? Whose are these gloves? What am m ar H elp Gr What is your dog’s name? What are you talking about? What is the time? Who can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject. Whom is used only as the object. For example, you can say: Who are you playing with? or Whom are you playing with? 48

50. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Demonstrative Pronouns The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words. Those are goats. That is John’s house. That is a mountain. Those are horses. What are those? We can do better than that. No, that’s not mine. You mean you won? That’s amazing! Hello, who is that speaking, please? Hello, is that you, George? These are sheep. m m ar H a elp Gr This is my house. This is a hill. These are donkeys. What is this? Did you drop this? Hi, Jane! This is Michael! You use this and these when you point to things near you. You use that and those when you point to things farther away. Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural: Singular this that 49 Plural these those

51. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Draw a line to join each of the subject pronouns to the object pronoun that matches. I he it she they you we us her you them me him it Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns. 1 Peter and I are brothers. _______ share a bedroom together. 2 Sue isn’t well. Dad is taking _______ to see a doctor. 3 My brother is a teacher. _______ teaches English. 4 All his students like _______ very much. 5 Children, _______ are making too much noise! 6 Who are those people? Where are _______ from? 7 Mom is a doctor. _______ works in a hospital. 8 The sky is getting dark. _______ is going to rain. 9 John, we are all waiting for _______. Are you coming with _______? 10 May _______ borrow your pen? 11 Yes, of course. When can you return _______ to _______? 12 What are _______ reading, Jenny? 50

52. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns from the box. yourselves himself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 themselves yourself itself ourselves myself herself No one can help us. We have to help ____________. Jane always makes the bed by ____________. They painted the wall all by ____________. I hurt ____________ in the playground yesterday. John, you must behave __________ before your friends. Children, you must do the homework ____________. Tom defended ____________ against the bullies. The dog is scratching ____________. Exercise 4 Write the correct interrogative pronouns in the blanks to complete the sentences: 1 _______ is the matter with you? 2 _______ invented the computer? 3 _______ of the twins is older? 4 _______ do you wish to speak to? 5 _______ is this car in front of our house? 6 _______ knows the answer? 7 _______ came first, the chicken or the egg? 8 _______ would you like to drink? 9 _______ of them do you think will win the race? 10 _______ is the word for a stamp collector? 51

53. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 5 Adjectives An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears after the noun, later in the sentence. a smart dog an old building a busy street a dark corner a deep sea a large bed It is windy. John’s handwriting is very neat. The sea is rough. All the players are very tall. The baby’s hands are very small. Sue’s drawing is beautiful. That problem is too difficult. Peter is very quiet today. 52 a tall basketball player a low fence

54. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Underline the adjectives in the following sentences. 1 There is an empty room upstairs. 2 It’s a hot summer. 3 You are so kind. 4 Don’t be crazy. 5 This park is clean and green. 6 Many people exercise to keep healthy. 7 I think these eggs are rotten. 8 We are all bored. There isn’t anything to do. 9 The pupils don’t find the joke amusing. 10 James was absent because he was ill. Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives from the box. hot high 1 large sweet short free poor playful The ice cream is very _________. 2 It’s very _________ in summer. 3 The company is giving away _________ gifts to its customers. 4 They live in a _________ house. 5 Jean is wearing a _________ skirt. 6 The climbers are climbing up a _________ mountain. 7 These puppies are very _________. 8 Many _________ people have no home. 53

55. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Adjective Endings Adjectives have different endings. Some adjectives end in -ful or -less. a beautiful dress playful puppies a careless driver a faithful dog a harmless insect a useful tool m m ar H a elp Gr homeless people careful colorful An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of the same adjective that ends in -ful. For example: – careless – colorless useful – useless harmful – harmless The -ful ending means having a lot of something. For example: painful hopeful = = having a lot of pain having a lot of hope The -less ending means without. For example: leafless = without leaves sleeveless = without sleeves 54

56. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives end in -y. a dirty street a noisy room an oily pot a sleepy passenger a sunny day a stormy sea a muddy path Some adjectives end in -ive. an expensive necklace an active child an attractive hat a creative toy talkative pupils Some adjectives end in -ing. a caring nurse an interesting book loving parents matching clothes a smiling face a cunning fox dazzling sunshine 55

57. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives end in -ly. am a daily newspaper a friendly police officer m ar H elp Gr a costly diamond ring an elderly woman lively kittens a lonely boy a lovely girl a weekly magazine Many adverbs also end in -ly. Here are some adjectives with the endings -able, -al, -en, -ible, -ish and -ous. a broken chair a famous pop singer childish behavior a comfortable chair a dangerous place a foolish act a horrible smell a loveable koala a national costume a musical instrument a terrible mess a woolen sweater a wooden table 56 a poisonous snake

58. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives. -y -ful -less -al 1 peace 6 dirt 2 storm 7 music 3 mud 8 nation 4 forget 9 dust 5 spot 10 play Exercise 2 Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives. -en -ish -y -ous -ing -ly 1 wind 6 fool 2 gold 7 charm 3 friend 8 child 4 rot 9 love 5 danger 10 interest 57

59. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Kinds of Adjectives There are different kinds of adjectives. Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns. a cold drink a hot bun an ugly monster a fierce dog a loud crash 58 a beautiful rainbow a clever monkey a difficult question happy children a kind lady a new car an old house a pretty girl a rich family a sad story a strong man a wicked queen

60. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives tell you which place or country a person or thing comes from, or belongs to. They are called adjectives of origin. Chinese kungfu an Indian temple a Mexican hat Dutch clogs Australian apples a Balinese dancer the English language the French flag an Italian car a Japanese garden a Scottish kilt Thai boxing A Filipino shirt 59

61. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives tell you the color of things. Please get me some white paint. The sky is gray. The sea is blue. George is wearing brown shoes. I don’t like green apples. Carrots are orange. Flamingos are pink. Eggplants are purple. Roses are red. 60 Your hands are black!

62. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns they describe. a big hat broad shoulders a high mountain a large ship a long bridge a low ceiling a narrow path small animals tiny insects a wide street a huge balloon a fat sumo wrestler a thin boy a short man you kn o w D id ? The word tall describes people and narrow, upright objects. For example, you can say: a tall girl a tall bookcase The word high describes bigger or wider objects that reach a great height. For example, you can say: a high mountain 61 a high wall

63. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Numbers are adjectives, too. They tell you how many people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes they are called adjectives of quantity. two princes one giant three princesses four mermaids five witches seven elves six fairies nine dwarfs eight puppets eleven hens twelve geese thirteen birds fourteen mice ten angels fifteen frogs nineteen lizards sixteen snails twenty butterflies seventeen kittens eighteen ants 62

64. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Other adjectives tell you something about quantity without giving you the exact number. some soldiers a little ice cream a little rice not many people too much salt lots of insects plenty of money a lot of books some food Is there any milk? a few cups a few puppies you kn o w D id ? Adjectives that tell you about quantity are also called quantifying determiners. 63

65. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise Look at the underlined words in the following sentences. Do you know what kinds of adjectives they are? In the blanks write C if the underlined words tell you about color, S if they tell you about size, Ql if they tell you about quality, O if they tell you about origin, or Qn if they tell you about the number or quantity of things. 1 Dad has two pairs of shoes. ___ 2 One pair is brown and the other pair is black. ___ ___ 3 This is a very simple puzzle. ___ 4 What color is the American flag? ___ 5 A kind fairy appeared before Cinderella. ___ 6 He is a proud man. ___ 7 There is some food left. ___ 8 Tom is wearing a blue T-shirt. ___ 9 Jack has ten marbles; Peter has twenty. ___ 10 How many marbles have Jack and Peter altogether? ___ 11 There is an Indian temple in the city. ___ 12 There is a large crowd outside the temple. ___ 13 My house is just a few miles from the school. ___ 14 They are driving a small car. ___ 15 Sue likes those yellow and red balloons. ___ 64 ___ ___

66. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Comparison of Adjectives When you compare two people or things, use the comparative form of the adjective. Lots of comparative adjectives end in -er. faster fast smaller small bright am cheaper clearer louder newer older richer shorter taller slower thicker m ar H elp Gr brighter cheap clear loud new old rich short tall slow thick The word than is often used with comparative adjectives. For example, you might say: Jack is taller than John. A sports car is faster than a motorbike. 65

67. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Use the superlative form of an adjective to compare three or more nouns. Lots of superlatives end in -est. dark thick darker darkest thicker thickest Gr elp clean cleaner cleanest easy easier easiest fat fatter fattest flat flatter flattest heavy heavier heaviest hot hotter hottest narrow narrower narrowest noisy noisier noisiest simplest simple simpler thin thinner thinnest wet wetter wettest long longer longest m ar H am You often add the before the superlative form. For example, you say: Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Peter is the tallest boy in his class. 66

68. am m ar H elp Gr More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 4 With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form the comparative, and -st to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative close closer closest largest large larger safe safer safest wide wider widest 4 Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives, double the last letter before adding –er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative bigger dimmer madder sadder biggest dimmest maddest saddest big dim mad sad 4 Some adjectives have two syllables and end in -y. With these adjectives change the y to i. Then add -er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative busy dirty happy pretty busier dirtier happier prettier 67 busiest dirtiest happiest prettiest

69. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com With some adjectives, you use more to make the comparative form, and most to make the superlative form. beautiful active charming cheerful comfortable delicious ? more active more charming more cheerful more comfortable more delicious most beautiful most active most charming most cheerful most comfortable most delicious o w D you kn id more beautiful Adjectives that form their comparative and superlative with more and most are usually adjectives with two or more syllables, or sounds. For example: ac-tive ex-pen-sive beau-ti-ful fa-mous charm-ing for-tu-nate cheer-ful in-tel-li-gent com-fort-a-ble pow-er-ful de-li-cious val-u-a-ble 68

70. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives are completely different words. good little better less least worse less more more worst least most most m ar H elp Gr bad few many much am best With these adjectives, you don’t add -er or more to form the comparative, or -est or most to form the superlative. 69

71. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives. Comparative hard cold soft tall rich mad funny big sad busy noisy Superlative Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives. Comparative foolish harmful poisonous valuable difficult generous Superlative 70

72. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 6 Determiners Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their, which. They are special adjectives that are used before nouns. The Articles The words a, an and the belong to this group of words called determiners. The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You can use them with singular nouns to talk about any single person or thing. Can you hear a bird singing ? am m ar H elp Gr Do you wear a uniform to school? This is a picture of an elephant. Rudy is reading a book. Mom bought me a new dress today. You will need an umbrella when you go out. She eats an apple a day. The article an is usually used before words beginning with vowels. The article a is used before words beginning with consonants. 71

73. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking about a certain person or thing. The telephone is ringing. Where’s the cat? I think she is under the bed. Tom has won the race. am The ice is melting. m ar H elp Gr Granny is sitting in the garden. The street is very busy today. The sky is getting dark. You also use the before a noun when there is only one. For example: the sun the moon the sky the front door of my house 72

74. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Demonstrative Determiners The words this, that, these and those are determiners. They are used to tell which thing or person you mean. These words are called demonstrative determiners, or demonstrative adjectives. I am keeping these books. I am selling those books. This ice cream is delicious. How much is that racket? What is that animal? Bring me that ball. Would you like these apples? am m ar H elp Gr James lives in this house. You use this and these to point to people or things near you. You use that and those to point to people or things that are farther from you. You use this and that before singular nouns. You use these and those before plural nouns. Here’s a table to help you remember the rules: Singular this that Plural these those 73

75. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Interrogative Determiners Use the words what, which and whose before nouns to ask about people or things. These words are called interrogative determiners or interrrogative adjectives. What size do you wear? What kind of bird is that? What time is it? What color is her hair? What kind of clothes do you like to wear? Which school do you go to? Which doll is your favorite? Which road leads to the zoo? Which runner is the winner? Do you know which girl won the prize? what Whose footprints are these? which Whose baby is this? whose Whose dog was barking in the middle of the night? 74

76. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Possessive Determiners The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their are called possessive determiners or posessive adjectives. Use these words before nouns to say who something belongs to. I lent Margaret my guitar. m m ar H a elp Gr Is this your house? The dentist asked Robert, your handwriting is difficult to read. Michael is showing his tortoise to his friends. his patient to open her mouth. My sister lost her way in the city. The lion is chasing its prey. Here is a table to help you remember the possessive determiners. First person Second person Third person Singular my your his her its 75 Plural our your their their their

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