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1. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Book A-PDF Watermark DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native English speakers or beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement or intervention. • Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar • Nearly 70 practice exercises are included for ready reinforcement • A wealth of examples are provided on every topic • Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar tips and useful language notes BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1

2. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Book 1 Anne Seaton • Y. H. Mew

3. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore Copyright ©2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13  12  11  10  09  08  07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

4. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections—as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK’S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas. We wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency.

5. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 1 What is Grammar? 5 2 The Capital Letter     6 3 Nouns   8 Common Nouns           Proper Nouns    Singular Nouns  Plural Nouns      Collective Nouns   Masculine and Feminine Nouns   4 Pronouns         Personal Pronouns          Reflexive Pronouns             Interrogative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns 5 Adjectives       Adjective Endings Kinds of Adjectives          Comparison of Adjectives             6 8         13 21 23 34 37 44               47 48 49 52 54 58 65 71 The Articles         Demonstrative Determiners Interrogative Determiners        Possessive Determiners 71          73 74 75 The Simple Present Tense           Am, Is and Are            The Present Progressive Tense    Have and Has    The Present Perfect Tense               98 99 104 106 108 112 113 115 120 8 Subject-Verb Agreement      123 9 Adverbs    127 44 Determiners  7 Verbs and Tenses The Simple Past Tense             Regular and Irregular Verbs               Was and Were  The Past Progressive Tense          The Future Tense             Can and Could     May and Might  Do, Does and Did             Would and Should           79 80 83 89 93 96 10 Prepositions        132 11 Conjunctions       135 12 Interjections        138 13 Sentences            139 What is a Sentence?        139 Kinds of Sentences  140 The Imperative         141 The Subject and the Object           143 Direct and Indirect Objects   144 Positive and Negative Sentences       146 Questions            147 14 Punctuation         Period Comma  Exclamation Point           Question Mark      Apostrophe        150 150 151 152 152 153

6. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 1 What is Grammar? Here’s an old children’s rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Noun As field and fountain, street and town. Pronoun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Adjective Most verbs mean action, something done, Verb To read and write, to jump and run. How things are done the adverbs tell, ition Prepos As quickly, slowly, badly, well. Adverb The preposition shows relation, As in the street or at the station. Conjunctions join, in many ways, Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase. The interjection cries out, “Heed! Conjunction An exclamation point must follow me!”  Interjection

7. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 2 The Capital Letter The capital letter is also called a big letter or upper-           case letter, or sometimes just a capital. A              B            C            N               O           P            D           E            F            G           H           I             J             K            Q               R            S            T            U           V            W          X L         M Y       Z When do you use a capital letter? 4  Use a capital letter for the first letter in a sentence: The dog is barking. Come here! 4  Always use a capital letter for the word I : I am eight years old. Tom and I are good friends. 4             Use a capital letter for the names of people: Alice, Tom, James, Kim, Snow White 4 Use a capital letter for the names of places: National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, Sacramento 4 Use a capital letter for festivals, holidays, days of the week, months of the year: New Year’s Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day, Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October

8. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Circle the letters that should be CAPITALS. Then write the correct letter in the space above them. 1 peter and i are good friends. 2 we are going to chicago during our summer vacation.    3            there is an interesting football game on sunday. 4 jason lives on thomson avenue. 5         january is the first month of the year. Exercise 2 Look at the signs on the left. Can you find the mistakes? Write the names correctly. hopkins hotel lincoln school orchard street newton road botanic gardens national library shea stadium

9. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 3 Nouns Common Nouns Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, or things. These are words for people. They are common nouns. artist Word File Here are more words for people: actor aunt        baby     baker    cook     dentist  doctor  giant     you kn o w D id lawyer judge man nurse police officer singer soldier teacher acrobat clown astronaut ? Another word for astronaut is spaceman or spacewoman.

10. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com These are words for animals. They are common nouns. eagle zebra deer crocodile bird bear Word File Here are more words for animals: cat               cow      dog       dolphin duck      fish        goat       goose hen horse mouse parrot shark whale

11. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com These are words for places. They are common nouns. beach      park Word File Here are more words for places: library shop Everfresh Co. 10 airport   market cave       mountain church             playground farm              restaurant hill    school hospital   seashore hotel  stadium house supermarket island            temple mall        zoo

12. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com These are words for things. They are common nouns. basket bed            drum cake blanket Word File Here are more words for things: bag               box       bread    can        chair     cot cup desk      door     egg       gate 11 kite ladder               lamp     picture radio     television            train truck watch window

13. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Underline the common nouns in these sentences. 1       There’s a little bird in the garden. 2 Who is your teacher? 3 Don’t eat that rotten apple. 4 Kate has a lovely doll. 5 I like reading stories. 6 My father is a doctor. 7      Every child has a dictionary. 8            Rudy hates bananas. 9   The phone is ringing. 10 Here’s a book for you. Exercise 2 Here’s a mixed bag of words. Put each word under its correct heading. swimmer               letters  mountain            granny  People  snail flag             fox        taxi       fire engine               river      hotel     gardener             Animals               clown   barber parrot camel Places               Things 12

14. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Proper Nouns Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or things. They always begin with a capital letter. Omar Beethoven Santa Claus Word File Here are some more names of people: Ali Baba Florence Nightingale Derek Jeter Pauline Johnny Depp Patrick Harry Potter Pinocchio Robin Hood you kn o w D id Lisa ? Your own name and the names of your friends are proper nouns too. 13 Kim Lee

15. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of countries and their people are also proper nouns. American Egyptian Japanese Korean Indian Malay Italian Filipino Thai Pakistani Country People  Country People America               Egypt    India Italy Japan Americans          Egyptians             Indians Italians the Japanese      Korea   Malaysia             Pakistan              France   Thailand Koreans Malaysians Pakistanis the French Thais 14

16. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks are proper nouns. Egypt Hong Kong the Great Wall of China the Statue of Liberty Tokyo Bangkok London  New York Paris  Beijing  Sydney New Delhi            Denver the Grand Canyon Central Park        the Leaning Tower of Pisa the Eiffel Tower            Brooklyn Bridge Big Ben        Pike’s Peak 15

17. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The days of the week and months of the year are proper nouns. Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday March Sunday February June r October Mar ch 6 March July 7 Satu rda y April August November December Months January February March April May June July August September October November December o w D Friday day es Wedn March 5 e Septemb 4 3 Tuesda y Thursday May you kn 2 March January id Monday 1 March March March ? January is the first month of the year. Sunday is the first day of the week. A table that shows the months, weeks and days 16

18. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are proper nouns. Mount Everest the Thames Lake Michigan the Alps  the Dead Sea     Mount Fuji               Niagara Falls you kn o w D id the Himalayas          the Pacific Ocean the Yellow River ? You often use the before names of oceans, rivers, seas and ranges of mountains. Mount means mountain. It is often used in the names of mountains. For example: Mount Everest Mount St. Helens The written short form for Mount is Mt. For example:          Mt. Everest, Mt. Fuji 17

19. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The names of festivals, some special events and holidays are proper nouns, too. Valentine’s Day Father’s Day Halloween Word File Here are more names of festivals and holidays: Christmas             Memorial Day   Labor Day           Independence Day        Mother’s Day April Fool’s Day Thanksgiving Day   St. Patrick’s Day 18 New Year’s Day

20. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Underline the proper nouns in the following sentences. 1    July is often the hottest month in summer. 2         One day Ali Baba saw the forty thieves hiding in a cave. 3            Shawn and Ashley are going to the beach for a swim. 4               Mr. Lee is reading a book. 5         “I am your fairy godmother,” said the old woman to Cinderella. 6       Uncle Mike is a lawyer. 7              Next Tuesday is a public holiday. 8            Many children enjoyed the movie Lion King. Exercise 2 Look at the words in the box. Which ones are common nouns and which ones are proper nouns? Put each word under its correct heading. Lisa               January               doctor  bank     beach   month  President Hotel White Sand Beach Dr. Wang    Common Nouns               United Bank hotel girl Proper Nouns 19

21. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Write C for common or P for proper on the blank before each noun. 1      _______ the White House 2         _______ the green dress 3               _______ the tall building 4           _______ the Empire State Building 5        _______ the Yellow River 6    _______ the muddy river 7           _______ the governor 8 _______ Governor Parker 9               _______ the Oregon Trail 1 0      _______ the winding trail Exercise 4 Underline the nouns that should be capitalized. Circle the nouns that should not be capitalized. 1         Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island. 2    The Capital of illinois is Springfield. 3        My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste. 4       Their Family visited Yellowstone national Park. 5             Juan and maria attend kennedy Middle school. 6 We had a Surprise Party for aunt Helen. 7               Spring and Fall are my favorite Seasons. 8              The Manager scolded his lazy Employees. 20

22. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Singular Nouns Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular noun. an owl a ship a train a woman Word File These are also singular nouns: an airplane  a bicycle             a boy               a bus     a comb a girl     a key     a flower 21 a letter a map a photograph a refrigerator               a slide   a swing a van

23. am m ar H elp Gr More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 4  Use a or an before singular nouns. Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o,­­ u). For example, say:            an axe         an egg  an envelope       an ice cream      an igloo              an orange           an umbrella an uncle 4            But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use a (not an) before these words that begin with u: a uniform            a university 4     Use a before words beginning with the other letters of the alphabet, called consonants. For example, say: a basket             a bowl  a car               a hill      a house               a rainbow           a monster           a pillow               a watch               a zoo    4            But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use an (not a) before these words that begin with h: an heir        an honor             an hour 22

24. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Plural Nouns When you are talking about two or more people, animals, places, or things, use plural nouns. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end. star             bats bat stars mug Word File Singular       bird       broom  camel   desk               doll       egg       flower  fork       game lamb         nest      pen       photo   shirt      spoon    Plural birds brooms camels desks dolls eggs flowers forks games lambs nests pens photos shirts spoons fan mugs cap fans caps 23

25. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns end in -es. glass brush bus               glasses brushes buses Word File watch watches foxes am m ar H elp Gr fox Singular               beach branch     box       bush church       dish       dress     sandwich            witch    Plural beaches branches boxes bushes churches dishes dresses sandwiches witches ch When the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, you usually add -es to form the plural. 24 sh s ss x + es

26. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns end in -ies. butterflies canaries canary butterfly Word File am Plural babies            cherries diaries dictionaries fairies families flies ladies libraries puppies    stories strawberries lilies lily candies candy m ar H elp Gr Singular baby               cherry   diary dictionary fairy      family   fly          lady       library   puppy   story     strawberry          + i Nouns like these are made plural by changing y to i, and adding -es. 25 y es

27. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com What if there is a vowel before the y? In that case, add -s to form the plural. s y key  turkey keys turkeys tray Word File Singular           chimney               cowboy day       donkey jersey    kidney monkey  toy        trolley valley trays 26 Plural chimneys cowboys days donkeys jerseys kidneys monkeys toys       trolleys valleys

28. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es. calf        elf         half leaf              am Singular loaf               shelf     thief      wolf      Plural loaves shelves thieves wolves v es m ar H elp Gr Plural calves          elves     halves   leaves   f Often nouns that end in -f, just need -s to form the plural. f Singular             s Singular Plural Singular Plural chef          chefs    handkerchief handkerchiefs chief chiefs  roof roofs cliff  cliffs               sheriff  sheriffs For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled in two different ways. Singular    Plural    dwarf   dwarfs or dwarves hoof hoofs or hooves scarf scarfs or scarves s f ves With some words that end in -fe, you change f to v, and add -s. you kn o w D id Singular knife      life        wife Plural knives lives wives f v e ? But you only add -s to giraffe to form the plural. 27 s

29. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com If a noun ends in -o, you just add -s to form the plural. a rhino rhinos Word File a kangaroo kangaroos Singular       a hippo a video a zoo    Plural hippos videos zoos But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form the plural. Word File m m ar H a elp Gr a flamingo flamingoes Singular a tomato            a potato             a hero  Plural tomatoes potatoes heroes With some nouns that end in -o, you can add either -s or -es to form the plural. Singular a mango         a mosquito         a zero   a buffalo             Plural    mangoes               mosquitoes        zeroes  buffaloes            28 Plural mangos mosquitos zeros buffalos

30. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in -s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form. mouse mice goose geese Word File Singular        child      man      ox          tooth    woman you kn o w D id Plural children men oxen teeth women foot  ? The plural of the mouse that you use with your computer is either mice or mouses. 29 feet

31. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun. sheep sheep reindeer reindeer fish Word File Singular            Plural bison bison deer   deer               fish you kn o w D id ? You can use fishes as the plural of fish when you are talking about different kinds of fish: all the fishes of the Pacific Ocean. 30

32. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some nouns are always plural. binoculars goggles Word File pants  pajamas              shorts   trousers              sandals pliers jeans you kn o w D id scissors sneakers slippers stockings ? Another word for spectacles is glasses. am m ar H elp Gr spectacles You can make these plural nouns singular by using a pair of: a pair of binoculars a pair of spectacles      a pair of goggles              a pair of jeans a pair of shorts a pair of pliers a pair of shoes 31

33. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Look at the words below. Do you know which ones are singular and which are plural ? Put a checkmark (✓) in the correct box. Singular               Plural word pencils          books   fan        hat        children               kites      people  crab               foxes    Exercise 2 Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make them plural? Write your answers on the lines. Singular Plural    Singular               Plural 1 desk      6            basket   ___________ 2 class     7            peach   ___________ 3 comb    8            belt       ___________ 4  mug      9 taxi    ___________ 5 bus        ___________ 32 10        box

34. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Do you change -y to -ies, or just add -s to make these singular nouns plural? Write your anwers. Singular  Plural    Singular               1               key        6            toy        2            city        7 baby  3            butterfly             8 party 4               monkey               9 chimney           5            fly          Plural 10 lady     Exercise 4 All these singular nouns end with -o. Add either -s or -es as you write the plurals on the line. Singular               Plural    Singular               1            video    6 radio 2            piano    7 hippo 3 mango               8            zoo       4 kangaroo        9 zero   5 rhino 10          photo   33 Plural

35. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Collective Nouns Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are nouns for groups of people. a family              a crew an orchestra Word File Here are some more groups of people: am a gang       a group               a team m ar H elp Gr an audience              a band  a choir  a class Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or plural verb. For example: My family was happy to see me. or My family were happy to see me. But the following collective nouns always take a plural verb: cattle               people  the police 34

36. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups of people, animals or things. a brood of chickens a band of musicians a school of fish Word File Here are some more collective nouns: a bunch of keys a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards a fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese a gang of robbers a herd of cattle a litter of cubs a pod of whales a pack of wolves a pride of lions a set of stamps a swarm of bees a troupe of actors a team of players a flight of steps 35

37. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise Farmer John had several different kinds of animals on his farm. Write the correct collective noun for each group of his animals. Farmer John had: a of geese a of sheep a of cattle a of horses One day a of coyotes tried to attack his animals. Farmer John yelled and waved a pitchfork to frighten them away. 36

38. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Masculine and Feminine Nouns Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals. Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and female animals. rooster bridegroom bride hen lion      lioness  Word File king Masculine               boy       man      prince steward  waiter  queen 37 Feminine girl woman princess stewardess waitress

39. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Here are some more masculine and feminine nouns for people. Masculine actor             brother emperor father gentleman grandfather  grandson             headmaster       man master       nephew               prince   son        steward               uncle    wizard  you kn o w D id Feminine actress sister empress mother lady grandmother granddaughter headmistress woman mistress niece princess daughter stewardess aunt witch ? Masculine nouns belong to the masculine gender. Feminine nouns belong to the feminine gender. 38

40. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Here are some masculine and feminine nouns for male and female animals. Animal Female chicken cattle    deer      donkey duck      fox        goose    horse    lion       sheep   tiger rooster      bull        buck      jack       drake    fox        gander  stallion lion       ram       tiger      hen cow doe jenny duck vixen goose mare lioness ewe tigress you kn o id w D Male ? Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong to the feminine gender. For example: actress       stewardess lioness          tigress princess waitress 39

41. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Many nouns are used for both males and females. dancers doctors scientists Word File Nouns like these are used for both males and females: accountants        artists   designers            engineers           lawyers               am m ar H elp Gr hairdressers parents managers pupils singers teachers We call these nouns common-gender nouns. 40

42. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Words for things that are neither male nor female are called neuter nouns. leaves bench fire              mirror waterfall Word File Here are some neuter nouns: ball building            broom  cake      computer           card      floor     41 forest gymnasium playground rock sky socks wind

43. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct masculine or feminine nouns.       Masculine           Feminine 1         master 2            uncle    3               niece 4 lioness empress 9            mother 10          madam 5            tiger      6            7 husband               8            son        Exercise 2 Fill in each blank with a suitable masculine or feminine noun. 1 The host and the ____________ welcomed their guests. 2 The steward and the ____________ look after the passengers on the plane. 3   My uncle and ________ lived in Nebraska. 4 The king and the _________ had two children, a boy and a ________. The prince was eight and the _____________ was five. 5       Ladies and ______________ , welcome to our party this             evening. 42

44. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Look at the words in the box. Write each word under its correct heading. children        boy       mother lamp     ram       Masculine               sun        son        queen   doctor  rooster witch     father   file        dancer  elf         Feminine              king girl               teacher wizard fish Common Gender        Neuter 43

45. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 4 Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns. Personal Pronouns The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence. My name is David. I am the youngest in the family. This is my father. He is a teacher. This is my mother. She is a lawyer. I have a brother and two sisters. They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny. I have a dog. It is called Lucky. Lucky, you are a good dog. Good morning, children! You may sit down now. am m ar H elp Gr My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment. The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that does the action shown by the verb. 44

46. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence. I am standing on my head. Look at me. My mother is kind. Everybody likes her. Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed! Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you! Lucky and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching us. You must not play with the knife. Give it to me. Pick up your toys and put them away. am Tom likes riding my bicycle. I sometimes lend it to him. m ar H elp Gr Baby birds cannot fly. Mother bird has to feed them. The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives the action shown by the verb. 45

47. am m ar H elp Gr More free books @ www.BingEbook.com There are three groups of pronouns: first person, second person and third person. The person speaking is called the first person. The first-person pronouns are I or me (in the singular) and we or us (in the plural). The person spoken to is called the second person. The second-person pronoun is you (in both singular and plural). The person (or animal, or thing) spoken about is called the third person. The third-person pronouns are he or him, she or her, and it (in the singular), and they or them (in the plural). The word I is always spelled with a capital letter. The pronoun he is used for men and boys, she for women and girls, and it for things and animals. Here is a table to help you. Subject Object First person singular           Second person singular  Third person singular      I             you               he she  it            me you him her it First person plural         Second person plural Third person plural      we         you       they      us you them 46

48. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Reflexive Pronouns The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called reflexive pronouns. They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb. I made this cake myself. Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself. Michael is looking at himself in the mirror. Susan has hurt herself. Our cat washes itself after each meal. We organized the party all by ourselves. Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat. am m ar H elp Gr Baby birds are too young to look after themselves. Here is a table to remind you about reflexive pronouns. First person Second person Third person Singular Plural (I,me) myself (you) yourself     (he, him) himself              (she, her) herself   (it) itself (we,us) ourselves (you) yourselves (they, them) themselves (they, them) themselves (they, them) themselves 47

49. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Interrogative Pronouns The words who, whom, whose, what and which are called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are used to ask questions. Whom Who Who is he talking to? Who are those people? Whom are you playing with? Whom is he talking to? Which Whose Which of these bags is yours? Which do you prefer? Whose is this umbrella? Whose are these gloves? What am m ar H elp Gr What is your dog’s name? What are you talking about? What is the time? Who can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject. Whom is used only as the object. For example, you can say: Who are you playing with? or Whom are you playing with? 48

50. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Demonstrative Pronouns The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words. Those are goats. That is John’s house. That is a mountain. Those are horses. What are those? We can do better than that. No, that’s not mine. You mean you won? That’s amazing! Hello, who is that speaking, please? Hello, is that you, George? These are sheep.          m m ar H a elp Gr This is my house. This is a hill. These are donkeys. What is this? Did you drop this? Hi, Jane! This is Michael! You use this and these when you point to things near you. You use that and those when you point to things farther away. Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural: Singular      this        that               49 Plural these  those

51. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Draw a line to join each of the subject pronouns to the object pronoun that matches. I   he          it            she        they      you       we us               her        you       them     me        him       it Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns. 1 Peter and I are brothers. _______ share a bedroom together. 2 Sue isn’t well. Dad is taking _______ to see a doctor. 3 My brother is a teacher. _______ teaches English. 4 All his students like _______ very much. 5 Children, _______ are making too much noise! 6 Who are those people? Where are _______ from? 7 Mom is a doctor. _______ works in a hospital. 8 The sky is getting dark. _______ is going to rain. 9 John, we are all waiting for _______. Are you coming with _______? 10 May _______ borrow your pen? 11 Yes, of course. When can you return _______ to _______? 12 What are _______ reading, Jenny? 50

52. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns from the box. yourselves          himself 1            2 3 4     5 6 7 8 themselves               yourself              itself     ourselves myself herself No one can help us. We have to help ____________. Jane always makes the bed by ____________. They painted the wall all by ____________. I hurt ____________ in the playground yesterday. John, you must behave __________ before your friends. Children, you must do the homework ____________. Tom defended ____________ against the bullies. The dog is scratching ____________. Exercise 4 Write the correct interrogative pronouns in the blanks to complete the sentences: 1 _______ is the matter with you? 2 _______ invented the computer? 3 _______ of the twins is older? 4 _______ do you wish to speak to? 5 _______ is this car in front of our house? 6 _______ knows the answer? 7 _______ came first, the chicken or the egg? 8 _______ would you like to drink? 9 _______ of them do you think will win the race? 10 _______          is the word for a stamp collector? 51

53. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 5 Adjectives An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears after the noun, later in the sentence. a smart dog an old building a busy street a dark corner a deep sea a large bed It is windy. John’s handwriting is very neat. The sea is rough. All the players are very tall. The baby’s hands are very small. Sue’s drawing is beautiful. That problem is too difficult. Peter is very quiet today. 52 a tall basketball player a low fence

54. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Underline the adjectives in the following sentences. 1       There is an empty room upstairs. 2           It’s a hot summer. 3        You are so kind. 4   Don’t be crazy. 5             This park is clean and green. 6     Many people exercise to keep healthy. 7            I think these eggs are rotten. 8   We are all bored. There isn’t anything to do. 9 The pupils don’t find the joke amusing. 10 James was absent because he was ill. Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives from the box. hot          high      1            large     sweet   short               free       poor     playful The ice cream is very _________. 2            It’s very _________ in summer. 3 The company is giving away _________ gifts to its customers. 4 They live in a _________ house. 5 Jean is wearing a _________ skirt. 6  The climbers are climbing up a _________ mountain. 7 These puppies are very _________. 8 Many _________ people have no home. 53

55. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Adjective Endings Adjectives have different endings. Some adjectives end in -ful or -less. a beautiful dress         playful puppies a careless driver a faithful dog a harmless insect a useful tool             m m ar H a elp Gr homeless people careful  colorful               An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of the same adjective that ends in -ful. For example: –           careless              – colorless          useful –               useless harmful –            harmless The -ful ending means having a lot of something. For example: painful               hopeful               =            =            having a lot of pain having a lot of hope The -less ending means without. For example: leafless = without leaves sleeveless = without sleeves 54

56. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives end in -y. a dirty street a noisy room an oily pot a sleepy passenger a sunny day a stormy sea a muddy path Some adjectives end in -ive. an expensive necklace an active child an attractive hat a creative toy talkative pupils Some adjectives end in -ing. a caring nurse an interesting book loving parents matching clothes a smiling face a cunning fox dazzling sunshine 55

57. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives end in -ly. am a daily newspaper a friendly police officer m ar H elp Gr a costly diamond ring an elderly woman lively kittens a lonely boy a lovely girl a weekly magazine Many adverbs also end in -ly. Here are some adjectives with the endings -able, -al, -en, -ible, -ish and -ous. a broken chair a famous pop singer childish behavior              a comfortable chair        a dangerous place           a foolish act a horrible smell               a loveable koala a national costume a musical instrument a terrible mess a woolen sweater a wooden table 56 a poisonous snake

58. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives. -y -ful        -less      -al 1 peace         6 dirt     2 storm               7 music 3 mud       8            nation  4 forget              9            dust      5 spot 10 play    Exercise 2 Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives. -en    -ish        -y -ous  -ing       -ly 1 wind               6            fool       2 gold   7 charm              3            friend   8 child  4 rot     9 love   5 danger  10 interest          57

59. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Kinds of Adjectives There are different kinds of adjectives. Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns. a cold drink a hot bun an ugly monster a fierce dog a loud crash 58 a beautiful rainbow  a clever monkey              a difficult question              happy children   a kind lady          a new car an old house a pretty girl a rich family a sad story a strong man a wicked queen

60. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives tell you which place or country a person or thing comes from, or belongs to. They are called adjectives of origin. Chinese kungfu               an Indian temple a Mexican hat Dutch clogs Australian apples        a Balinese dancer the English language the French flag an Italian car a Japanese garden a Scottish kilt Thai boxing A Filipino shirt 59

61. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives tell you the color of things. Please get me some white paint. The sky is gray. The sea is blue. George is wearing brown shoes. I don’t like green apples. Carrots are orange. Flamingos are pink. Eggplants are purple. Roses are red. 60 Your hands are black!

62. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns they describe. a big hat            broad shoulders               a high mountain a large ship        a long bridge a low ceiling a narrow path small animals tiny insects a wide street a huge balloon a fat sumo wrestler a thin boy a short man you kn o w D id ? The word tall describes people and narrow, upright objects. For example, you can say: a tall girl            a tall bookcase The word high describes bigger or wider objects that reach a great height. For example, you can say: a high mountain             61 a high wall

63. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Numbers are adjectives, too. They tell you how many people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes they are called adjectives of quantity. two princes one giant three princesses four mermaids five witches seven elves six fairies nine dwarfs eight puppets eleven hens             twelve geese     thirteen birds     fourteen mice   ten angels fifteen frogs       nineteen lizards sixteen snails     twenty butterflies            seventeen kittens               eighteen ants    62

64. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Other adjectives tell you something about quantity without giving you the exact number. some soldiers a little ice cream a little rice not many people too much salt lots of insects plenty of money a lot of books some food Is there any milk? a few cups a few puppies you kn o w D id ? Adjectives that tell you about quantity are also called quantifying determiners. 63

65. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise Look at the underlined words in the following sentences. Do you know what kinds of adjectives they are? In the blanks write C if the underlined words tell you about color, S if they tell you about size, Ql if they tell you about quality, O if they tell you about origin, or Qn if they tell you about the number or quantity of things. 1 Dad has two pairs of shoes. ___ 2            One pair is brown and the other pair        is black.    ___ ___ 3 This is a very simple puzzle. ___ 4 What color is the American flag?          ___ 5 A kind fairy appeared before Cinderella.   ___ 6    He is a proud man.          ___ 7 There is some food left.             ___ 8 Tom is wearing a blue T-shirt.         ___ 9 Jack has ten marbles; Peter has twenty. ___ 10 How many marbles have Jack and Peter altogether?            ___ 11 There is an Indian temple in the city.               ___ 12 There is a large crowd outside the temple.              ___ 13 My house is just a few miles from the  school. ___ 14 They are driving a small car.          ___ 15 Sue likes those yellow and red balloons.            ___       64 ___ ___

66. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Comparison of Adjectives When you compare two people or things, use the comparative form of the adjective. Lots of comparative adjectives end in -er. faster fast smaller small bright am cheaper clearer louder newer older           richer shorter taller slower thicker m ar H elp Gr brighter cheap  clear     loud      new      old        rich       short               tall        slow      thick     The word than is often used with comparative adjectives. For example, you might say: Jack is taller than John. A sports car is faster than a motorbike. 65

67. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Use the superlative form of an adjective to compare three or more nouns. Lots of superlatives end in -est. dark thick darker     darkest thicker thickest Gr elp clean          cleaner cleanest easy     easier   easiest fat          fatter    fattest flat           flatter   flattest heavy    heavier heaviest hot       hotter   hottest narrow  narrower             narrowest noisy               noisier  noisiest simplest simple simpler thin thinner               thinnest wet      wetter  wettest long longer        longest m ar H am You often add the before the superlative form. For example, you say: Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Peter is the tallest boy in his class. 66

68. am m ar H elp Gr More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 4  With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form the comparative, and -st to form the superlative. For example: Comparative               Superlative close closer closest largest large        larger   safe      safer     safest wide               wider    widest 4              Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives, double the last letter before adding –er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative       Superlative bigger           dimmer               madder               sadder  biggest dimmest maddest saddest big      dim       mad      sad        4            Some adjectives have two syllables and end in -y. With these adjectives change the y to i. Then add -er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative  Superlative busy               dirty      happy   pretty   busier   dirtier   happier prettier 67 busiest dirtiest happiest prettiest

69. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com With some adjectives, you use more to make the comparative form, and most to make the superlative form. beautiful active             charming               cheerful comfortable delicious   ? more active    more charming more cheerful   more comfortable more delicious most beautiful most active most charming most cheerful most comfortable most delicious o w D you kn id more beautiful Adjectives that form their comparative and superlative with more and most are usually adjectives with two or more syllables, or sounds. For example: ac-tive ex-pen-sive beau-ti-ful fa-mous charm-ing            for-tu-nate cheer-ful              in-tel-li-gent com-fort-a-ble        pow-er-ful de-li-cious     val-u-a-ble 68

70. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives are completely different words. good   little      better   less       least worse        less               more    more    worst least most most m ar H elp Gr bad few       many    much    am best       With these adjectives, you don’t add -er or more to form the comparative, or -est or most to form the superlative. 69

71. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives. Comparative           hard      cold               soft       tall        rich       mad      funny    big sad busy      noisy     Superlative Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives. Comparative       foolish  harmful               poisonous          valuable              difficult               generous Superlative 70

72. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com 6 Determiners Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their, which. They are special adjectives that are used before nouns. The Articles The words a, an and the belong to this group of words called determiners. The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You can use them with singular nouns to talk about any single person or thing. Can you hear a bird singing ? am m ar H elp Gr Do you wear a uniform to school? This is a picture of an elephant. Rudy is reading a book. Mom bought me a new dress today. You will need an umbrella when you go out. She eats an apple a day. The article an is usually used before words beginning with vowels. The article a is used before words beginning with consonants. 71

73. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking about a certain person or thing. The telephone is ringing. Where’s the cat? I think she is under the bed. Tom has won the race. am The ice is melting. m ar H elp Gr Granny is sitting in the garden. The street is very busy today. The sky is getting dark. You also use the before a noun when there is only one. For example: the sun the moon the sky the front door of my house 72

74. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Demonstrative Determiners The words this, that, these and those are determiners. They are used to tell which thing or person you mean. These words are called demonstrative determiners, or demonstrative adjectives. I am keeping these books. I am selling those books. This ice cream is delicious. How much is that racket? What is that animal? Bring me that ball. Would you like these apples? am m ar H elp Gr James lives in this house. You use this and these to point to people or things near you. You use that and those to point to people or things that are farther from you. You use this and that before singular nouns. You use these and those before plural nouns. Here’s a table to help you remember the rules: Singular this        that       Plural these those 73

75. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Interrogative Determiners Use the words what, which and whose before nouns to ask about people or things. These words are called interrogative determiners or interrrogative adjectives. What size do you wear? What kind of bird is that? What time is it? What color is her hair? What kind of clothes do you like to wear? Which school do you go to? Which doll is your favorite? Which road leads to the zoo? Which runner is the winner? Do you know which girl won the prize? what Whose footprints are these? which Whose baby is this? whose Whose dog was barking in the middle of the night? 74

76. More free books @ www.BingEbook.com Possessive Determiners The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their are called possessive determiners or posessive adjectives. Use these words before nouns to say who something belongs to. I lent Margaret my guitar. m m ar H a elp Gr Is this your house? The dentist asked Robert, your handwriting is difficult to read. Michael is showing his tortoise to his friends. his patient to open her mouth. My sister lost her way in the city. The lion is chasing its prey. Here is a table to help you remember the possessive determiners. First person Second person Third person Singular my your his her its 75 Plural our your their their their

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